Theories
N, H and C
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Theories N, H and C Lord Martin Rees, Professor Martin
Rees, Sir Michael Pepper FRS, Brian Josephson , Professor Howie
FRS, Dr Neil McEwan, May Chiao |
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Traditionally, under "Theory N",
when a battery is connected via two wires to a resistor or lamp, the battery
delivers electric current/charge into the wires. Once the wires gain
current/charge, they create magnetic and electric fields between the two
wires. Now more than a century ago, when confronting a challenge similar to
that of interconnecting high speed logic, Heaviside said; "We reverse
this .... ". [Theory H]. The battery delivers
electromagnetic field between the connecting wires. In its turn, the field
causes electric current/charge in/on the wires. He called the field,
travelling at the speed of light, "energy current". However,
Heaviside's work on electromagnetic theory disappeared from the record. He
was unreferenced in any text book for more than half a century. There the matter rested for a century,
until Catt realised that the core problem was for the battery to deliver
energy/power to the resistor or lamp. If the battery delivered the
electromagnetic field, it was generally agreed that the field carried the energy/power
directly into the resistor or lamp. (After all, sunlight is "Energy
Current".) Under the new "Theory C", electric current/charge
played no role in the key activity, that of delivering energy/power from
battery to resistor or lamp. So, under "Theory C", what are electric current and electric charge? What is the role
of the interconnecting wires? The answer is that when travelling along in the
dielectric between the wires, some of the energy current (or electromagnetic
field) penetrates
into the wires. Since the dielectric constant of copper or any other
conductor can be
shown to approach infinity , the velocity of penetration, which depends
on the inverse of the dielectric constant, approaches zero. Also, the
impedance of a conductor approaches zero, so that very little of the energy
current enters the conductors (in the same way as, if we have large and small
resistors connected in series, very little power is dissipated in the small
resistors.) Maxwell's Equations link field and electric current/charge, and
the so-called (but non-existent) current and charge are merely mathematical
manipulations of the electromagnetic field. Ivor
Catt. January 2009 Theory N. Let us look at
how two rails guide a train. The rails
prescribe a region of space, the space within the rails. The rails say that
no part of the train is allowed within that space. If the rails
are not perfectly rigid, a little of the train enters the region belonging to
the rails. Similarly, but not exactly, if the conductors are not perfect, a
little energy enters the region belonging to the conductors. You will
realise that no professor or text book writer would be willing to think
through the above. Ivor Catt. 7 February 2013.
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